M1

Beta Movement – Beta movement is an optical illusion, the illusion is that fixed images appear to move when of course they are not, it is similar to animation, the images don’t change but are changed quicker than the human eye can see, this is because the human optic nerve responds to changes at about 10 cycles per second, so when something is double this speed, we perceive it as moving. The experiment of beta movement involved a viewer watching a screen, then the experimenter projected two images in succession, the first image was a ball on the left hand side of the frame, then the second frame had a ball on the right hand side of the frame. In the experiment the pictures were held steady then switched between the two frames, the experimenter then asked the people what they saw, the answers varied between different people.  

Persistence of vision – Persistence of vision is the phenomenon of the eye where the retina retains an image for a brief split second after the image was actually seen, we perceive it as animation when we view the images in closely timed sequence to one another, we don’t notice the fractional skips between the images because persistence fills in the momentary gaps to make the motion seem seamless. Persistence of vision also can be applied to sparklers, it is called the sparkler’s trail effect, this occurs when you wave a sparkler about, it creates a trail of light, there is no light trail, our eyes and mind perceive it this way when it is moved fast enough, another example of persistence of vision is flipbooks, if you flip the pages fast enough your eye perceives it as a form of animation, when it’s really not moving at all.

Example - Persistence of Vision - YouTube

My Example –

 

Uncanny Valley – Uncanny valley is a hypothesis in the field of human aesthetics, what it means is when a non-living robot has very realistic human features and human like movements, it can cause some people to be revolted by the human-like robots, the term was firstly used by Masahiro Mori, “The Valley” refers to the dip in the graph, the graph is representing the comfort level of humans when looking at the likeliness of the robot compared to humans. An animation short called “Tin toy” was one of the first animations that made people take the uncanny valleys seriously because the animated baby in the animation made people feel uneasy. When creating a robot humanoid people need to be aware about the uncanny valley and should think about how people will react to it.

Unit 31 P3

 

There are many different types of animation formats, there is dynamic HTML known as (DHTML) this is a different form of html which is then combined with different client side scripts, example of these are JavaScript, CSS and a document object model or DOM. DHTML is also a collection of technologies used together it is very useful, it can be used to create browser based games and you can use it to create many different animations on a web page. There is a problem with DHTML though, the main problem is that newer browsers interpret different web languages differently than the others, this created problems, and an example of this was between internet users who used internet explorer and others who used Netscape navigator. Internet explorer was the main browser that everyone went to from Netscape. DHTML is not anywhere near as popular as it used to be this is because CSS became more popular and also client side scripting languages are now much better, the features that DHTML give, can be made in flash. Flash is standard lower end animation tool, flash allows you to create animations using the frame by frame and bitmaps and other tools that flash have. Flash is mostly used as a teaching tool and also used for entertainment all across the internet. Flash is also used in a lot of advertising, and even in games in browsers such as flash games. GIFs or graphics interchange format is a bitmap image format that can support animations, there are three types of image formats, there are bitmap format this is a format that saves the image as a map of pixels. There is vector formatting, this saves the image as a mathematical algorithm and lastly there is a JPEG, which stands for joint photographic expert group, this is a bitmap image format that can hold up to sixteen million colours in an image, this is so there is harsh contrast between 2 colours instead it is more of a gradient.

 

A gif is a bitmap image format, a gif can only use a maximum palette of 256 colours, and this means it holds many less colours than a JPEG. Obviously JPEGS are more suited to images, like photographs that need more detail, since JPEGs colour palettes are much larger than GIFs, GIFs are more suited for images with fewer colours, like logos and one quite useful feature that a GIF has is that you can have transparent backgrounds. The main reason for GIFs is animated GIFs, a GIF is not a normal file format, because it supports animation, the way a GIF works is that inside of the folder there is a set of stored images, and also inside the folder is the instructions for how they should be played and in what order. GIF images are smaller than pure bitmap files, this is because of compression, they use a special type of compression called LZW, this makes the file smaller but without making the images look worse, but every time you compress the image the more quality of the image is lost. It is much better to work in a full bitmap, like a psd file in Photoshop and hen compress it when you have finally finished the image. There is a technique called dithering, which is what is used to try to include more images inside of a GIF, the problem with this is that this can cause some loss of definition in the image, this is so GIFs don't look as bad and look more photographic. The advantages of GIFs are that there is lossless compression, they are relatively small file sizes, it can support transparent backgrounds, and it is also suitable for inclusion in online content. GIFs do have their disadvantages, there is a maximum palette of 256 colours, colours can appear blocky in the photographic quality images and dithering although it is good can reduce the amount the file size can be compressed.

 

 

 

The pros of GIFS and how I can use them in my animation –

 

One of the pros is that the file sizes are relatively small, this is good because it takes less time to process and to upload to a site or file sharing website, this makes it easier to watch since there is less loading time, and people don’t have to wait, another positive is they support transparent backgrounds, this is good because you can add your gif to any background and you can also add anything to your gif making it more appealing to the people watching it, and adding another layer of story and detail to it. It is also usable on different online websites, this is a positive because it makes it easier for you to get your gif out there and also this way you don’t have to rewrite any code to get it on the web, that function is already available to you. There is also lossless compression which helps because you can make the file size smaller making it easier to transport if you wanted it on a small memory stick or if you had to email it quickly.

 

The cons of GIFS and how they prevent/restrict you from using them –

 

One of the cons is that GIFs have a maximum colour palette of 256 colours, this is a negative because when using a more photographic picture, of a person or real picture, it will look blocky and will not look very detailed, this is a problem because some pictures lose all of their quality, this restricts you because if the picture you are using has many different colours, when the colours in the picture fade GIFs may not have enough colours to make it fade and it may look blocky. Although dithering is a good tool for making it look better, although it reduces the amount of time a video can be compressed. This can be restrictive because if you need the gif to be a small file size and you cannot compress it anymore then you may have to not dither it so it can be compressed but will make it look lower definition than it would have been.

Task 4

There are many different types of animation formats, there is dynamic HTML known as (DHTML) this is a different form of html which is then combined with different client side scripts, example of these are JavaScript, CSS and a document object model or DOM. DHTML is also a collection of technologies used together it is very useful, it can be used to create browser based games and you can use it to create many different animations on a web page. There is a problem with DHTML though, the main problem is that newer browsers interpret different web languages differently than the others, this created problems, and an example of this was between internet users who used internet explorer and others who used Netscape navigator. Internet explorer was the main browser that everyone went to from Netscape. DHTML is not anywhere near as popular as it used to be this is because CSS became more popular and also client side scripting languages are now much better, the features that DHTML give, can be made in flash. Flash is standard lower end animation tool, flash allows you to create animations using the frame by frame and bitmaps and other tools that flash have. Flash is mostly used as a teaching tool and also used for entertainment all across the internet. Flash is also used in a lot of advertising, and even in games in browsers such as flash games. GIFs or graphics interchange format is a bitmap image format that can support animations, there are three types of image formats, there are bitmap format this is a format that saves the image as a map of pixels. There is vector formatting, this saves the image as a mathematical algorithm and lastly there is a JPEG, which stands for joint photographic expert group, this is a bitmap image format that can hold up to sixteen million colours in an image, this is so there is harsh contrast between 2 colours instead it is more of a gradient.

 

A gif is a bitmap image format, a gif can only use a maximum palette of 256 colours, and this means it holds many less colours than a JPEG. Obviously JPEGS are more suited to images, like photographs that need more detail, since JPEGs colour palettes are much larger than GIFs, GIFs are more suited for images with fewer colours, like logos and one quite useful feature that a GIF has is that you can have transparent backgrounds. The main reason for GIFs is animated GIFs, a GIF is not a normal file format, because it supports animation, the way a GIF works is that inside of the folder there is a set of stored images, and also inside the folder is the instructions for how they should be played and in what order. GIF images are smaller than pure bitmap files, this is because of compression, they use a special type of compression called LZW, this makes the file smaller but without making the images look worse, but every time you compress the image the more quality of the image is lost. It is much better to work in a full bitmap, like a psd file in Photoshop and hen compress it when you have finally finished the image. There is a technique called dithering, which is what is used to try to include more images inside of a GIF, the problem with this is that this can cause some loss of definition in the image, this is so GIFs don't look as bad and look more photographic. The advantages of GIFs are that there is lossless compression, they are relatively small file sizes, it can support transparent backgrounds, and it is also suitable for inclusion in online content. GIFs do have their disadvantages, there is a maximum palette of 256 colours, colours can appear blocky in the photographic quality images and dithering although it is good can reduce the amount the file size can be compressed.

 

 

 

The pros of GIFS and how I can use them in my animation –

 

One of the pros is that the file sizes are relatively small, this is good because it takes less time to process and to upload to a site or file sharing website, this makes it easier to watch since there is less loading time, and people don’t have to wait, another positive is they support transparent backgrounds, this is good because you can add your gif to any background and you can also add anything to your gif making it more appealing to the people watching it, and adding another layer of story and detail to it. It is also usable on different online websites, this is a positive because it makes it easier for you to get your gif out there and also this way you don’t have to rewrite any code to get it on the web, that function is already available to you. There is also lossless compression which helps because you can make the file size smaller making it easier to transport if you wanted it on a small memory stick or if you had to email it quickly.

 

The cons of GIFS and how they prevent/restrict you from using them –

 

One of the cons is that GIFs have a maximum colour palette of 256 colours, this is a negative because when using a more photographic picture, of a person or real picture, it will look blocky and will not look very detailed, this is a problem because some pictures lose all of their quality. Although dithering is a good tool for making it look better, it also reduces the amount of time a video can be compressed.

Animation Unit 31

What is animation?

Animation is a collection of still images played at 50 frames per second; your eyes see it as moving because it is so fast. So animation is really an illusion. Examples of animation companies are Disney, Pixar and DreamWorks. Disney are the biggest animation company, animation is it’s used in cartoons like the Simpsons and family guy. Animation has been round for a long time the first animation device was the ‘Zoetrope’ created by William Horner, It was a circle of paper with drawings next to each other, it would be placed inside of a wooden circle that had small gaps where you would look through then you would spin it round and it would create the effect of the pictures moving. The use of animation today is usually in anime’s and in cartoons, popular anime’s are cowboy bebop and bleach, anime’s are usually more 2D than 3D, although some popular animations, use clay models, like Wallace and Gromit, this uses clay models that they will move slightly and then take a picture and repeat, then put the pictures in order and play them at a high frame rate so it creates a full animation. Many people have been trying to make motion picture for a long time, although most of the early efforts either didn’t work and when they got more advanced they didn’t have sound , only fairly recently has sound been incorporated into animations.

Animations are used in many different places, most of the basic animation will be used on websites and advertisement targeting potential customers on the internet or using advertisements on TV for people at home. You can also see cartoons and anime’s on the internet and the TV they’re very popular and can create a lot of revenue and have a huge fan base if they’re advertised well, the Simpsons has been on air for over 20 years and still has a large fan base. Anime’s fan bases are usually a lot smaller as they have a very different style of animation to the Simpsons or a regular cartoon, anime’s are usually quite graphic and look more hand drawn and a lot less polished than a popular cartoon.

The biggest pioneers of animation are Walt Disney, Thomas Edison, William Horner and the Lumière brothers. Walt Disney was born in 1901, and created one of the biggest animation company’s in the world, Disney is probably most famous for creating Mickey Mouse who he did the original voice for, up until 1947. The Disney Corporation created films like, The Lion King and Aladdin these were animated films that were extremely popular when they were released. Thomas Edison is famous in animation because of his phonograph and kinetoscope, the phonograph was a device used to record and reproduce sound and is now a turntable and record, the kinetoscope was a device that was used to watch films, through a peephole, it created a film by many pictures being on a strip of perforated film with a high speed shutter. William Horner created the zoetrope in 1834, the zoetrope is an invention that was a circular disc with pictures on and small slits that you would look through, when span it would create an illusion that looks like the pictures were moving. The Lumiere brothers are famous for creating the film camera, which they called the cinematograph this was a wooden box with a hand crank on the side, the way it worked was they would have a reel of film they would shine a light out of the hole on the box and hand crank the film through the box, when it passed through the light it projected it onto the wall, allowing large groups of people to watch it at the same time which was a step up from Edison’s kinetoscope. Eadweard Muybridge also invented the zoopraxiscope which was pretty much an early version of a projector, the images which were on glass would be projected using the light from a lantern, this produced a continuous moving images. He visited Edison to try and use his phonograph in conjunction with the zoopraxiscope, but Edison declined as he thought it was inefficient.

When making an animation I achieved motion by first, using a text tool to add the number one, then I made it the size and font I wanted then aligned it to the middle of the stage, I broke the number apart, then I added a new key frame at frame 20, deleted the number one and replaced it with number two, which was the same font and size and then broke the number two apart, I then created a shape tween between the two key frames which made the one morph into a two, this means there is 20 still images in this animation, which are all used to make the 1 morph into a 2 smoothly. This is quite a simple animation.

 

Frame by frame is what is making the animation, if you have a key frame at 0 and a key frame at 20, then there is 20 frames in the animation, every frame will have something on it unless it is a break in the animation, you will just have a blank page, the more frames there are the smoother the animation is, but also, slow motion is hundreds to thousands of frames, as there is not much change between each frame. Also old fashioned film reels, if you look at the film reels they were many frames on special film that when a light was shone on and it was moved at the right speed created a movie. There are different types of frames, key frames which on programs are black circles and are mainly used for changing the contents of a frame and there is a blank key frame which is represented with a white circle.

Tweening is used to change the motion of an object over different frames; the things it changes are usually shapes, text and editable objects. Tweening in flash is used to morph one object into another, a square into a circle, or a number one into a number two. When you are making a frame by frame animation, if you had to do every single frame it would take very long and would be very tedious, if you want to make a smooth animation shape tweening is what you should use as it takes much less time.

Masking is used in animation when you want something to go over a word, like the word water could have a water reflection style animation on it. You need a word and a bitmap picture of water and you would set it to a continuous loop. This makes it more appealing to the people viewing it.it is done by creating a shape that you will overlay onto the picture you have chosen, then you will create different key frames where you want the mask to move to then you can put more frames in between these key frames to make the animation more smooth.