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Beta Movement – Beta movement is an optical illusion, the illusion is that fixed images appear to move when of course they are not, it is similar to animation, the images don’t change but are changed quicker than the human eye can see, this is because the human optic nerve responds to changes at about 10 cycles per second, so when something is double this speed, we perceive it as moving. The experiment of beta movement involved a viewer watching a screen, then the experimenter projected two images in succession, the first image was a ball on the left hand side of the frame, then the second frame had a ball on the right hand side of the frame. In the experiment the pictures were held steady then switched between the two frames, the experimenter then asked the people what they saw, the answers varied between different people.  

Persistence of vision – Persistence of vision is the phenomenon of the eye where the retina retains an image for a brief split second after the image was actually seen, we perceive it as animation when we view the images in closely timed sequence to one another, we don’t notice the fractional skips between the images because persistence fills in the momentary gaps to make the motion seem seamless. Persistence of vision also can be applied to sparklers, it is called the sparkler’s trail effect, this occurs when you wave a sparkler about, it creates a trail of light, there is no light trail, our eyes and mind perceive it this way when it is moved fast enough, another example of persistence of vision is flipbooks, if you flip the pages fast enough your eye perceives it as a form of animation, when it’s really not moving at all.

Example - Persistence of Vision - YouTube

My Example –

 

Uncanny Valley – Uncanny valley is a hypothesis in the field of human aesthetics, what it means is when a non-living robot has very realistic human features and human like movements, it can cause some people to be revolted by the human-like robots, the term was firstly used by Masahiro Mori, “The Valley” refers to the dip in the graph, the graph is representing the comfort level of humans when looking at the likeliness of the robot compared to humans. An animation short called “Tin toy” was one of the first animations that made people take the uncanny valleys seriously because the animated baby in the animation made people feel uneasy. When creating a robot humanoid people need to be aware about the uncanny valley and should think about how people will react to it.